M4
TERJEMAHAN PRAKATA & BAB 1
196643 198060
PRAKATA
Buku "Kajian Wacana dan Strategi
Komunikasi: Teori dan Aplikasi ini merupakan buku yang mengandungi teori serta
diaplikasikan dalam bentuk penyelidikan. Penyelidikan meliputi kajian lirik
lagu, cerita, ujaran dan interaksi dalam perbualan. Buku ini mengandungi dua
bahagian iaitu kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi. Kedua-dua bahagian
berkait rapat antara satu sama lain kerana melibatkan komunikasi ujaran,
interaksi, teks dan tulisan. Bab 1 mengandungi pengenalan tentang kajian wacana
iaitu definisi dan konsep wacana. Bab 2 pula menjelaskan tentang teori dan
pendekatan wacana. Terdapat beberapa teori dan pendekatan wacana yang
dibincangkan iaitu analisis wacana dan wacana kritis. Bab 3 pula menganalisis
tiga kajian wacana yang berkaitan dengan wacana tekstual lirik lagu, wacana
tekstual cerita sosial dan wacana ujaran dalam kalangan kanak-kanak. Setiap
kajian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori dan pendekatan analisis wacana yang
diperkenalkan dalam buku ini. Bab 4 mengandungi pengenalan tentang strategi
komunikasi. Pengenalan meliputi kajian-kajian tentang strategi komunikasi yang
berkaitan dengan ujaran dan interaksi yang menggunakan strategi komunikasi. Bab
5 pula membincangkan beberapa taksonomi dan pendekatan strategi komunikasi. Senarai
taksonomi dan pendekatan serta huraian bagi setiap satu dipaparkan. Bab 6
mengandungi kajian strategi komunikasi dalam kalangan kanak-kanak. Interaksi
dan ujaran kanak-kanak dianalisis dengan menggunakan taksonomi strategi
komunikasi yang terkini. Bab 7 iaitu bab akhir mengandungi cadangan kajian
mengenai kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi. Diharapkan buku ini dapat
membantu penyelidik dalam membuat penelitian terhadap bentuk kajian wacana dan
strategi komunikasi
PROFESOR DR. NORMALIZA ABD RAHIM
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Bersih |
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1. |
PRAKATA Buku
"Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi: Teori dan Aplikasi ini merupakan
buku yang mengandungi teori serta diaplikasikan dalam bentuk penyelidikan. |
PREFACE The book
"Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application
is a book that contains theory and applied in the form of research. |
PREFACE The book
"Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application |
PREFACE The book
"Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application
contains theory that applied in the form of research. |
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2. |
Penyelidikan
meliputi kajian lirik lagu, cerita, ujaran dan interaksi dalam perbualan.
Buku ini mengandungi dua bahagian iaitu kajian wacana dan strategi
komunikasi. |
Research includes
the study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in conversation.
This book contains two parts, namely the study of discourse and communication
strategies. |
Research includes
the study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in
conversation. This book contains two parts, namely the study of discourse and
communication strategies. |
Research includes
the study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in
conversation. This book contains two parts, namely the study of discourse and
communication strategies. |
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3. |
Kedua-dua
bahagian berkait rapat antara satu sama lain kerana melibatkan komunikasi
ujaran, interaksi, teks dan tulisan. Bab 1 mengandungi pengenalan tentang
kajian wacana iaitu definisi dan konsep wacana. |
Second
-two parts are closely related to each other because it involves the communication
of speech, interaction, text and writing.Chapter 1 contains an introduction
to the study of discourse that is the definition and concept of discourse. |
|
Both
parts are closely related to each other as it involves the speech
communication, interaction, text and writing. Chapter 1 contains an
introduction to the study of discourse; the definition and concept of
discourse. |
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4. |
Bab 2 pula
menjelaskan tentang teori dan pendekatan wacana. Terdapat beberapa teori dan
pendekatan wacana yang dibincangkan iaitu analisis wacana dan wacana kritis. |
Chapter 2
explains about the theory and approach of discourse. There are several
theories and approaches of discourse discussed, namely discourse analysis and
critical discourse. |
Chapter 2
explains about the theory and approach of discourse. There are several
theories and approaches of discourse discussed, namely discourse analysis and
critical discourse. |
Chapter 2
explains about the theory and approach of discourse. There are several
theories and approaches of discourse discussed, namely discourse analysis and
critical discourse. |
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5. |
Bab 3
pula menganalisis tiga kajian wacana yang berkaitan dengan wacana tekstual
lirik lagu, wacana tekstual cerita sosial dan wacana ujaran dalam kalangan
kanak-kanak. |
Chapter 3
analyzes three discourse studies related to song lyrics textual discourse,
social story textual discourse and speech discourse among children. |
Chapter 3
analyzes three discourse studies related to song lyrics textual discourse,
social story textual discourse and speech discourse among children. |
Chapter 3
analyzes three discourse studies related to song lyrics textual discourse,
social story textual discourse and speech discourse among children. |
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6. |
Setiap kajian
dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori dan pendekatan analisis wacana yang
diperkenalkan dalam buku ini. Bab 4 mengandungi pengenalan tentang strategi
komunikasi. |
Each study was
analyzed using discourse analysis theory and approach introduced in the book
this. Chapter 4 contains introduction about communication strategies. |
Each study was
analyzed using discourse analysis |
Each study was
analyzed using discourse analysis theories and approaches introduced in this
book. Chapter 4 contains introduction about communication strategies. |
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7. |
Pengenalan
meliputi kajian-kajian tentang strategi komunikasi yang berkaitan dengan
ujaran dan interaksi yang menggunakan strategi komunikasi. Bab 5 pula
membincangkan beberapa taksonomi dan pendekatan strategi komunikasi. |
The
introduction covers studies on communication strategies related to utterances
and interactions that use communication strategies. Chapter 5 discusses some
taxonomies and communication strategy approaches. |
The
introduction |
The
introduction covers the studies on communication strategies that are related
to utterances and interactions that apply communication strategies. Chapter 5
discusses some taxonomies and communication strategy approaches. |
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8. |
Senarai taksonomi
dan pendekatan serta huraian bagi setiap satu dipaparkan. Bab 6 mengandungi
kajian strategi komunikasi dalam kalangan kanak-kanak.. |
A
list of taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each is
displayed. Chapter 6 contains a study of communication strategies among
children. |
A list of
taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each of
them |
A list of
taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each of them were
displayed. Chapter 6 contains a study of communication strategies among
children. |
|
9. |
Interaksi
dan ujaran kanak-kanak dianalisis dengan menggunakan taksonomi strategi
komunikasi yang terkini. Bab 7 iaitu bab akhir mengandungi cadangan kajian
mengenai kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi. |
Children's
interactions and utterances are analyzed using the latest taxonomy of
communication strategies. Chapter 7 which is the final chapter contains
research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies. |
Children's
interactions and utterances are analyzed using the latest taxonomy of
communication strategies. Chapter 7 which is the final chapter contains
research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies. |
Children's
interactions and utterances are analyzed using the latest taxonomy of
communication strategies. Chapter 7 which is the final chapter contains
research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies. |
|
10. |
Diharapkan buku
ini dapat membantu penyelidik dalam membuat penelitian terhadap bentuk kajian
wacana dan strategi komunikasi. PROFESSOR DR.
NORMALIZA ABD RAHIM |
It is hoped that
this book can help researchers in conducting research on the form of
discourse studies and communication strategies. PROFESSOR DR.
NORMALIZA ABD RAHIM |
It is hoped that
this book can help researchers in conducting PROFESSOR DR.
NORMALIZA ABD RAHIM |
It is hoped that
this book can help researchers in conducting studies on the form of discourse
studies and communication strategies. PROFESSOR DR.
NORMALIZA ABD RAHIM |
PREFACE
The book "Discourse Studies and
Communication Strategies: Theory and Application contains theory that applied
in the form of research. Research includes the study of song lyrics, stories,
utterances and interactions in conversation. This book contains two parts,
namely the study of discourse and communication strategies. Both parts are
closely related to each other as it involves the speech communication,
interaction, text and writing. Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the study
of discourse; the definition and concept of discourse. Chapter 2 explains about
the theory and approach of discourse. There are several theories and approaches
of discourse discussed, namely discourse analysis and critical discourse.
Chapter 3 analyzes three discourse studies related to song lyrics textual
discourse, social story textual discourse and speech discourse among children.
Each study was analyzed using discourse analysis theories and approaches
introduced in this book. Chapter 4 contains introduction about communication
strategies. The introduction covers the studies on communication strategies
that are related to utterances and interactions that apply communication
strategies. Chapter 5 discusses some taxonomies and communication strategy
approaches. A list of taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for
each of them were displayed. Chapter 6 contains a study of communication
strategies among children. Children's interactions and utterances are analyzed
using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies. Chapter 7 which is the
final chapter contains research proposals on the study of discourse and
communication strategies. It is hoped that this book can help researchers in
conducting studies on the form of discourse studies and communication
strategies.
PROFESSOR DR. NORMALIZA ABD RAHIM
Bab 1
Kajian Wacana
Wacana merupakan bahasa daripada individu atau kumpulan dalam bentuk ujaran,
interaksi, teks dan tulisan. Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh
penutur atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur-unsur luar daripada sistem
bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan
sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam berkomunikasi (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986).
Wacana didefinisikan sebagai unit bahasa yang mempunyai kesantunan fikiran dan
melebihi batas ayat. Dalam hierarki bahasa, wacana terletak pada tingkat yang
tertinggi, iaitu hadir selepas tingkat ayat.
Wacana mengandungi sistem komunikasi antara dua atau lebih orang. Selain itu
wacana juga boleh distilahkan melalui tulisan dan bacaan daripada seseorang.
Namun, wacana seharusnya mengandungi ayat yang bermakna serta mengandungi
situasi yang dikaitkan dengan ayat tersebut. Justeru, wacana dapat difahami
dengan baik oleh seseorang. Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur suatu kesatuan,
ujaran, ucapan pertuturan dan percakapan. Selain itu wacana juga dilihat dari
aspek penulisan yang ditulis oleh penulis melalui buku, majalah akhbar, makalah
dan segala bentuk tulisan. Di dalam bentuk perbincangan atau pertukaran idea
secara lisan, wacana dapat dikenal pasti dengan lebih baik. Seseorang individu
itu mengadakan perbincangan berbentuk ilmu, pengalaman, penceritaan dan
sebagainya. Kesatuan fikiran sama ada dalam bentuk lisan seperti pidato,
khutbah, debat, syarahan, perbualan dan sebagainya atau tulisan seperti surat,
artikel, novel, cerpen, puisi dan sebagainya dapat dilihat dan ditahami dengan
lebih baik melalui pengetahuan tentang teori dan pembacaan karya yang berbentuk
sastera.
Hawthorn (1992) mengemukakan definisi wacana sebagai komunikasi kebahasaan yang
dilihat sebagai pertukaran antara pembicara dan pendengar dengan mengambil kira
tajuk perbincangan dan persekitaran. Definisi wacana dapat dilihat dan pelbagai
aspek. Melalui aspek sosiologi, wacana merujuk pada hubungan konteks sosial
dalam pemakaian bahasa sedangkan dari segi linguistik pula, wacana adalah unit
bahasa yang lebih besar daripada kalimat. Fowler (1991) mengatakan bahawa
wacana merupakan komunikasi lisan dan tulisan yang dilihat daripada titik
pandangan kepercayaan, nilai dan kategori yang terdapat di dalamnya.
Brown &
Yule (1983) menegaskan bahawa wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan
yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik. Stubbs (1983) juga bersetuju
dengan Brown & Yule (1983) dan menyatakan bahawa aspek linguistik harus
diterapkan bagi tujuan analisis wacana.
Berikut
adalah antara beberapa definisi wacana:
|
Sumber |
Definisi Wacana |
|
Edmonson (1981) |
Wacana adalah satu peristiwa berstruktur yang dimanifestasikan dalam
perilaku linguistik bahasa atau yang lainnya |
|
Kamus Dewan (Edisi Keempat) |
Wacana
merupakan keseluruhan tutur yang merupakan kesatuan, ucapan, pertuturan,
percakapan dan perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan. la juga
merupakan kesatuan fikiran yang utuh sama ada dalam bentuk lisan ataupun
tulisan. |
|
Asmah Haji Omar (1986) |
Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis, iaitu
sistem bahasa dan unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah
menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna
dalam komunikasi. |
|
Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985) |
Wacana adalah
unit bahasa yang melebihi batas ayat iaitu boleh terdiri daripada ayat,
sejumlah ayat, ceraian, bab, buku, cerita, dialog dan sebagainya yang
dalamnya memperlihatkan hubungan dan perkembangan fikiran yang berturutan.
Dengan perkataan lain, wacana adalah satu satuan bahasa yang lengkap. |
|
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014) |
Wacana adalah bahasa yang dilahirkan oleh penutur atau penulis. Bahasa
yang ditutur serta ditulis mengandungi makna serta difahami oleh pendengar
atau pembaca. |
|
Stubbs (1983) |
Wacana dapat
dilihat melalui sistem tutur dan tulisan, mempunyai makna serta difahami oleh
pendengar dan pembaca. |
|
Brown & Yule ( 1983) |
Wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi
tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik. |
|
Halliday & Hassan (1985) |
Wacana terdiri
daripada apa jua kalimat sama ada lisan atau tulisan (tidak kira panjang atau
pendek) yang mempunyai makna keseluruhan. |
|
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) |
Wacana meliputi ujaran, interaksi, tulisan dan teks yang dianalisis
bagi tujuan mencari makna tersirat dan tersurat. Wacana juga meliputi bahasa
simbol, isyarat dan apa jua yang memberi makna kepada semua pihak yang
terlibat. |
Rumusan
Definisi
wacan dapat difahami dengan jelas dengan merujuk kepada wacana berbentuk teks,
tulisan, ujaran dan interaksi. Adalah wajar setiap wacana difokus dan
dianalisis dengan teliti supaya analisis dapat difahami dengan jelas. Pemahaman
setiap wacana tersebut dilihat sebagai satu perkara yang mudah apabila
seseorang itu faham akan tujuan setiap wacana yang disampaikan. Malah, akan
lebih jelas lagi apabila dihuraikan dengan lebih terperinci dan teliti.
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BAB 1 Kajian Wacana Wacana
merupakan bahasa daripada individu atau kumpulan dalam bentuk ujaran,
interaksi, teks dan tulisan. Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh
penutur atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur-unsur luar daripada
sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan
berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam berkomunikasi (Asmah Haji Omar,
1986). Wacana didefinisikan sebagai unit bahasa yang mempunyai kesantunan
fikiran dan melebihi batas ayat. Dalam hierarki bahasa, wacana terletak pada
tingkat yang tertinggi, iaitu hadir selepas tingkat ayat. |
CHAPTER 1 Discourse Studies Discourse
is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions,
texts and writings. Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker
or writer, that is, the language system and elements outside the language
system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something
meaningful in communicating (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as
a unit of language that has politeness of mind and exceeds sentence limits.
In the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level, i.e.
present after the sentence level. |
CHAPTER 1 Discourse Studies Discourse
is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances,
interactions, texts and writings. Discourse is the whole |
CHAPTER 1 Discourse Studies Discourse
is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances,
interactions, texts and writings. Discourse is the whole of language by the
speaker or writer, that is the language system and elements outside the
language system that contribute the speech or writing as something meaningful
in communicating (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as a unit of
language that has politeness of mind and it can exceeds sentence limits. In
the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level; present
after the sentence level. |
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2 |
Wacana mengandungi sistem
komunikasi antara dua atau lebih orang. Selain itu wacana juga boleh distilahkan
melalui tulisan dan bacaan daripada seseorang. Namun, wacana seharusnya
mengandungi ayat yang bermakna serta mengandungi situasi yang dikaitkan dengan
ayat tersebut. Justeru, wacana dapat difahami dengan baik oleh seseorang.
Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur suatu kesatuan, ujaran, ucapan pertuturan
dan percakapan. Selain itu wacana juga dilihat dari aspek penulisan yang
ditulis oleh penulis melalui buku, majalah akhbar, makalah dan segala bentuk
tulisan. |
Discourse contains a
system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse
can also be termed through writing and reading from someone. However, the
discourse should contain meaningful sentences as well as contain situations
associated with the sentence. Thus, discourse can be well understood by one.
Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech and speech. Apart
from that, discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing written by the
author through books, newspaper magazines, papers and all forms of writing. |
Discourse contains a
system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse
can also be termed through someones’s writing and reading |
Discourse contains a
system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse can
also be termed through someones’s writing and reading. However, the discourse
should contain meaningful sentences and situations associated with the
sentence. Thus, discourse can be well understood by one. Discourse is the
whole speech of a union, utterance, speech and talk. Apart from that,
discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing written by the author
through books, newspaper magazines, papers and all forms of writing. |
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3 |
Di
dalam bentuk perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan, wacana dapat
dikenal pasti dengan lebih baik. Seseorang individu itu mengadakan
perbincangan berbentuk ilmu, pengalaman, penceritaan dan sebagainya. Kesatuan
fikiran sama ada dalam bentuk lisan seperti pidato, khutbah, debat, syarahan,
perbualan dan sebagainya atau tulisan seperti surat, artikel, novel, cerpen,
puisi dan sebagainya dapat dilihat dan ditahami dengan lebih baik melalui
pengetahuan tentang teori dan pembacaan karya yang berbentuk sastera. |
In
the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be better
identified. An individual holds discussions in the form of knowledge,
experience, storytelling and so on. Unity of mind whether in oral form such
as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations and so on or writings
such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and so on can be seen
and understood better through knowledge of theory and reading of literary
works. |
In
the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be
easily |
In
the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be easily
identified. Ones can hold discussions in the form of knowledge, experience,
storytelling and others. Unity of mind whether in oral form such as speeches,
sermons, debates, lectures, conversations and others or writings such as
letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and others can be seen and
understood easily through knowledge of theory and reading literature. |
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4 |
Hawthorn
(1992) mengemukakan definisi wacana sebagai komunikasi kebahasaan yang
dilihat sebagai pertukaran antara pembicara dan pendengar dengan mengambil
kira tajuk perbincangan dan persekitaran. Definisi wacana dapat dilihat dan
pelbagai aspek. Melalui aspek sosiologi, wacana merujuk pada hubungan konteks
sosial dalam pemakaian bahasa sedangkan dari segi linguistik pula, wacana
adalah unit bahasa yang lebih besar daripada kalimat. Fowler (1991) mengatakan
bahawa wacana merupakan komunikasi lisan dan tulisan yang dilihat daripada
titik pandangan kepercayaan, nilai dan kategori yang terdapat di dalamnya. |
Hawthorn (1992) put
forward the definition of discourse as linguistic communication seen as an
exchange between speaker and listener taking into account the topic of
discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen and
various aspects. Through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the
relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of
linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence.
Fowler (1991) says that discourse is oral and written communication seen from
the point of view of beliefs, values and categories found in it. |
Hawthorn (1992) define
discourse |
Hawthorn (1992) define
discourse as linguistic communication that can be seen as an exchange between
speaker and listener by considering
the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of
discourse can be seen through many aspects. Through the sociological aspect,
discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language
while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger
than a sentence. Fowler (1991) propose that discourse is oral and written
communication seen from the point of view of beliefs, values and categories found in it. |
|
5 |
Brown & Yule (1983) menegaskan bahawa wacana boleh dilihat
melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih
baik. Stubbs (1983) juga bersetuju dengan Brown & Yule (1983) dan
menyatakan bahawa aspek linguistik harus diterapkan bagi tujuan analisis
wacana. |
Brown & Yule (1983) assert that discourse can be seen through
oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding. Stubbs
(1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic
aspects should be applied for the purpose of discourse analysis. |
Brown & Yule (1983) asserts that
discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for |
Brown & Yule (1983) asserts that discourse can be seen through
oral and written analysis for better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees
with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be
applied for the purpose of discourse analysis. |
|
6 |
Berikut adalah antara beberapa
definisi wacana: SUMBER: Edmonson (1981) DEFINISI WACANA: Wacana adalah satu peristiwa berstruktur yang dimanifestasikan
dalam perilaku linguistik bahasa atau yang lainnya Kamus Dewan (Edisi Keempat) Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur yang merupakan
kesatuan, ucapan, pertuturan, percakapan dan perbincangan atau pertukaran
idea secara lisan. la juga merupakan kesatuan fikiran yang utuh sama ada
dalam bentuk lisan ataupun tulisan. |
Here are some definitions of discourse: SOURCE: Edmonson (1981) DEFINITION OF DISCOURSE: Discourse is a structured event that is manifested in
the linguistic behavior of a language or another Board Dictionary (Fourth Edition) Discourse is the whole of speech which is a union,
speech, speech, conversation and discussion or exchange of ideas orally. It
is also a whole unit of thought whether in oral or written form. |
Here are some definitions of discourse: SOURCE: Edmonson (1981) DEFINITION OF DISCOURSE: Discourse is a structured event that is manifested in
the linguistic behavior of a language or other. Board Dictionary (Fourth Edition) Discourse is the whole of speech which is a union,
speech, talk |
Here are some definitions of discourse: SOURCE: Edmonson (1981) DEFINITION OF DISCOURSE: Discourse is a structured event that is manifested in
the linguistic behavior of a language or other. Board Dictionary (Fourth Edition) Discourse is the whole of speech which is a union,
speech, talk, conversation and discussion or exchange of ideas orally. It is
also a whole unit of thought whether in oral or written form. |
|
7 |
Asmah
Haji Omar (1986) Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau
penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang
menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai
sesuatu yang bermakna dalam komunikasi. Raminah
Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985) Wacana adalah unit bahasa yang melebihi batas ayat iaitu boleh
terdiri daripada ayat, sejumlah ayat, ceraian, bab, buku, cerita, dialog dan
sebagainya yang dalamnya memperlihatkan hubungan dan perkembangan fikiran
yang berturutan. Dengan perkataan lain, wacana adalah satu satuan bahasa yang
lengkap. |
Asmah
Haji Omar (1986) Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer,
that is, the language system and elements outside the language system that
contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in
communication. Raminah
Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985) Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the sentence limit,
which can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, subdivisions,
chapters, books, stories, dialogues and so on, which in turn show the
relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words,
discourse is a complete unit of language. |
Asmah
Haji Omar (1986) Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer.
It is a Raminah
Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985) Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the sentence limit,
which can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, subdivisions,
chapters, books, stories, dialogues and others |
Asmah
Haji Omar (1986) Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer.
It is a language system and elements outside the language system that
contribute towards constructing the speech or writing as something meaningful
in communication. Raminah
Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985) Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the sentence limit,
which can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, subdivisions,
chapters, books, stories, dialogues and others, which in turn show the
relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse
is a complete unit of language. |
|
8 |
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014) Wacana adalah bahasa
yang dilahirkan oleh penutur atau penulis. Bahasa yang ditutur serta ditulis
mengandungi makna serta difahami oleh pendengar atau pembaca. Stubbs (1983) Wacana dapat dilihat
melalui sistem tutur dan tulisan, mempunyai makna serta difahami oleh
pendengar dan pembaca. Brown & Yule ( 1983) Wacana boleh dilihat melalui
lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik. |
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014) Discourse is the
language born of the speaker or writer. The language spoken and written
contains meaning and is understood by the listener or reader. Stubbs (1983) Discourse can be seen
through the system of speech and writing, has meaning and is understood by
listeners and readers. Brown & Yule (1983) Discourse can be seen
through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding. |
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014) Discourse is the
language created by Stubbs (1983) Discourse can be seen
through the system of speech and writing, has meaning and Brown & Yule (1983) Discourse can be seen
through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding. |
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014) Discourse is the
language created by the speaker or writer. The language spoken and written
contains meaning and can be understood by the listener or reader. Stubbs (1983) Discourse can be seen
through the system of speech and writing, has meaning and understood by
listeners and readers. Brown & Yule (1983) Discourse can be seen
through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding. |
|
9 |
Halliday
& Hassan (1985) Wacana terdiri daripada apa jua kalimat sama ada lisan atau
tulisan (tidak kira panjang atau pendek) yang mempunyai makna keseluruhan. Normaliza
Abd Rahim (2018b) Wacana meliputi ujaran, interaksi, tulisan dan teks yang
dianalisis bagi tujuan mencari makna tersirat dan tersurat. Wacana juga
meliputi bahasa simbol, isyarat dan apa jua yang memberi makna kepada semua
pihak yang terlibat. |
Halliday
& Hassan (1985) Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written
(whether long or short) that has an overall meaning. Normaliza
Abd Rahim (2018b) Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts
analyzed for the purpose of seeking implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse
also covers the language of symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning
to all parties involved. |
Halliday
& Hassan (1985) Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written ( Normaliza
Abd Rahim (2018b) Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts
analyzed for the purpose of seeking implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse
also covers the language of symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning
to all parties involved. |
Halliday
& Hassan (1985) Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (long
or short) that has an overall meaning. Normaliza
Abd Rahim (2018b) Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts
analyzed for the purpose of seeking implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse
also covers the language of symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning
to all parties involved. |
|
10 |
Rumusan Definisi
wacan dapat difahami dengan jelas dengan merujuk kepada wacana berbentuk
teks, tulisan, ujaran dan interaksi. Adalah wajar setiap wacana difokus dan
dianalisis dengan teliti supaya analisis dapat difahami dengan jelas.
Pemahaman setiap wacana tersebut dilihat sebagai satu perkara yang mudah
apabila seseorang itu faham akan tujuan setiap wacana yang disampaikan.
Malah, akan lebih jelas lagi apabila dihuraikan dengan lebih terperinci dan
teliti. |
Summary The definition of
discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of
text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is desirable that each
discourse be focused and analyzed carefully so that the analysis can be
clearly understood. Understanding each of these discourses is seen as an easy
thing when one understands the purpose of each discourse delivered. In fact,
it will be even clearer when described in more detail and thoroughness. |
Summary The definition of
discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of
text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is a must |
Summary The definition of
discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of
text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is a must that each discourse
be focused and analyzed carefully so that the analysis can be clearly
understood. Understanding each of these discourses is seen as an easy thing
when one understands the purpose of each discourse delivered. In fact, it
will be even clearer when described in more detail and thoroughness. |
CHAPTER
1
Discourse
Studies
Discourse is the language
of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts and
writings. Discourse is the whole of language by the speaker or writer, that is
the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute
the speech or writing as something meaningful in communicating (Asmah Haji
Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of
mind and it can exceeds sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse
is located at the highest level; present after the sentence level.
Discourse contains a system of communication between two
or more people. In addition, discourse can also be termed through someones’s
writing and reading. However, the discourse should contain meaningful sentences
and situations associated with the sentence. Thus, discourse can be well
understood by one. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech
and talk. Apart from that, discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing
written by the author through books, newspaper magazines, papers and all forms
of writing. In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse
can be easily identified. Ones can hold discussions in the form of knowledge,
experience, storytelling and others. Unity of mind whether in oral form such as
speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations and others or writings such
as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and others can be seen and
understood easily through knowledge of theory and reading literature.
Hawthorn (1992) define discourse as linguistic
communication that can be seen as an exchange between speaker and listener by
considering the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of
discourse can be seen through many aspects. Through the sociological aspect,
discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language
while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger
than a sentence. Fowler (1991) propose that discourse is oral and written
communication seen from the point of view of beliefs, values and categories
found in it.
Brown & Yule (1983) asserts that discourse can be
seen through oral and written analysis for better understanding. Stubbs (1983)
also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects
should be applied for the purpose of discourse analysis.
Here are some definitions of discourse:
|
Source |
Definition of
Discourse |
|
Edmonson (1981) |
Discourse is a
structured event that is manifested in the linguistic behavior of a language
or other. |
|
Board Dictionary (Fourth Edition) |
Discourse is the whole of speech which is a union,
speech, talk, conversation and discussion or exchange of ideas orally. It is
also a whole unit of thought whether in oral or written form. |
|
Asmah Haji Omar (1986) |
Discourse is the
whole birth of language by the speaker or writer. It is a language system and
elements outside the language system that contribute towards constructing the
speech or writing as something meaningful in communication. |
|
Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985) |
Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the
sentence limit, which can consist of sentences, a number of sentences,
subdivisions, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and others, which in turn
show the relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other
words, discourse is a complete unit of language. |
|
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014) |
Discourse is the
language created by the speaker or writer. The language spoken and written
contains meaning and can be understood by the listener or reader. |
|
Stubbs (1983) |
Discourse can be seen through the system of speech
and writing, has meaning and understood by listeners and readers. |
|
Brown & Yule ( 1983) |
Discourse can be
seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better
understanding. |
|
Halliday & Hassan (1985) |
Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or
written (long or short) that has an overall meaning. |
|
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) |
Discourse includes
utterances, interactions, writings and texts analyzed for the purpose of
seeking implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse also covers the language of
symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved. |
Summary
The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by
referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances and
interactions. It is a must that each discourse be focused and analyzed
carefully so that the analysis can be clearly understood. Understanding each of
these discourses is seen as an easy thing when one understands the purpose of
each discourse delivered. In fact, it will be even clearer when described in
more detail and thoroughness.
RUJUKAN:
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2019). Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi Teori dan Aplikasi.
Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.
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